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Porosity-preserving chlorite cements in shallow-marine volcaniclastic sandstones: Evidence from Cretaceous sandstones of the Sawan gas field, Pakistan

¹ Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; anna.berger{at}com-design.at
² Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; susanne.gier{at}univie.ac.at
³ OMV (Norge) AS, Jåttåvågveien 7b, 4020, Stavanger, Norway; peter.krois{at}omv.com

Anna Berger studied petrology at the University of Vienna in Austria and holds an M.Sc. degree in sedimentary petrology. She is currently employed at the Department of Mineralogy and Petrography at the Natural History Museum Vienna in Austria.

Susanne Gier is an associate professor for sedimentary petrology at the Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna. She holds an M.Sc. degree and a Ph.D. in sedimentary petrology from the University of Vienna. She works on several collaboration projects with the industry. Her current research interests are sandstone and shale diagenesis as well as clay mineralogy.

Peter Krois holds an M.Sc. degree and a Ph.D. in sedimentology from the University of Innsbruck in Austria. He joined OMV in 1990 and has held a variety of technical and managerial positions in Austria and abroad. From 1997 to 2001, he was the OMV's chief geologist in Pakistan.

ABSTRACT

Sandstones that have high porosity and permeability at great burial depth and high temperatures are of economic importance because a significant amount of hydrocarbons have been discovered in such reservoirs. The Sawan gas field, with an expected ultimate recovery of more than 1 tcf, lies in the middle Indus Basin. The reservoir rocks, Cretaceous volcaniclastic sandstones of the lower Goru Formation, show very high porosities at a reservoir temperature of 175°C and depths of 3000 to 3500 m (9842 to 11,483 ft). The sandstones are mostly feldspathic litharenites. Strongly altered volcanic rock fragments are the most important lithic component. The clay fraction consists of Fe-rich chlorite (chamosite) and illite.

Diagenetic features such as compaction, quartz overgrowths, carbonate cements, and feldspar dissolution are observed. The most distinguishing feature is a double layer of authigenic chlorite, lining the pores of the sandstones. Chlorite additionally occurs as a pore-filling cement and as chloritized detrital components, all having similar chemical composition. The pore-lining cement clearly developed in two stages: an earlier, poorly crystallized, and a later, better crystallized growth. Missing rims at grain contacts show that precipitation occurred after an initial stage of compaction but early relative to other diagenetic phases. Both chlorite rims grew by direct precipitation from pore waters, using products derived from volcanic rock fragments. In areas with no, thin, or discontinuous chlorite rims, quartz cementation is common. Well-developed chlorite rims inhibited quartz cementation, preserved porosities of up to 20%, and good permeabilities. Porosity-preserving chlorite cementation in Sawan is restricted to sediments of a shallow-marine environment.