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1 Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; present address: StatoilHydro ASA, Strandveien 4, N-7500 Stjørdal, Norway; nicf{at}statoilhydro.com
2 Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
3 Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
4 Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; present address: University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
5 Norwegian Computing Center (NR), Postboks 114, Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway; present address: Rock Solid Images AS, Bogstadveien 27B, N-0355 Oslo, Norway
6 Norwegian Computing Center (NR), Postboks 114, Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway
7 Norwegian Computing Center (NR), Postboks 114, Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway
8 Norwegian Computing Center (NR), Postboks 114, Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway
Niclas Fredman received his M.Sc. degree in geology from the University of Gothenburg in 2003 and his Ph.D. in structural geology from the University of Bergen in 2007. As of 2007 he works for StatoilHydro in Stjørdal, Norway, as a structural geologist with early phase field development.
Jan Tveranger received his Ph.D. from the University of Bergen in 1995. He was working as a researcher at the Department of Earth Sciences at University of Bergen before being employed by Saga Petroleum and later at Norsk Hydro. As of 2003 he has held a position as a researcher and research program coordinator at CIPR.
Nestor Cardozo received his bachelor's degree in geology from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in 1994 and his Ph.D. in geology from Cornell University in 2003. He is a researcher at the Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research in Bergen. His scientific interest covers faults, their related deformation, and their implementation in reservoir models.
Alvar Braathen holds a professor position at the University Centre in Svalbard, and an adjunct professor position at the University of Bergen. His main interest lies in structural geology, and especially the application of structural information to fluid flow descriptions and flow modeling. Current interests cover petroleum analog studies through extensional fault characterization by facies analysis, and fault impact on subsurface fluid flow in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
Soleng has worked as a theoretical physicist at the University of Oslo (1987–1992), University of Pennsylvania (1992–1993), Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (1993–1994 and 1996–1997), and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (1994–1996). At the Norwegian Computing Center (1997–2007), he has implemented statistical geological modeling tools. He is currently working on joint seismic and electromagnetic inversion for Rock Solid Images.
Per Røe is a research scientist at Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. He received his M.Sc. degree in industrial mathematics from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in 2001. He joined the Norwegian Computing Center in 2002 and has been working with software development and research, currently with a focus on fault modeling.
Arne Skorstad is an assistant research director at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. He holds an M.S. degree in industrial mathematics from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. He joined the Norwegian Computing Center in 1992 and has been working with software developments and research on reservoir characterization, focusing on geostatistics.
Anne Randi Syversveen is a senior research scientist at the Norwegian Computing Center. She received her Ph.D. in statistics from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in 1998. Since then she has worked at the Norwegian Computing Center. Her main research interest is stochastic facies models.
ABSTRACT
Faults in nature commonly affect surrounding rock volumes and can as such be described as fault envelopes with a given internal geometry and architecture. Modeling techniques currently employed when modeling faults in petroleum reservoirs are mostly two-dimensional (2-D); hence, a need is present for more accurate and realistic description and quantification of deformational architectures and properties to accurately predict fluid flow in fault zones.
Fault facies (FF) modeling is a concept for three-dimensional (3-D) fault zone characterization, facies modeling of fault rocks and fluid flow simulation, which is presented here and demonstrated by the use of a synthetic fault model. FF modeling is performed by first generating a 3-D grid of the fault envelope, which includes the conventional fault plane. Second, a kinematic strain calculation is executed in the FF grid. The strain parameter is used to calculate a fault product distribution factor (FPDF), which describes the fault displacement in the fault envelope. This parameter together with strain distribution is subsequently used to condition the fault model for facies modeling. Finally, FF modeling is executed. To achieve adequate flexibility and realism, pixel-based modeling is combined with object-based modeling methods to populate the FF grid with facies.
This synthetic model shows that it is possible to honor structural outcrop observations in fault zones, and FF modeling is able to produce realistic looking fault zone deformation structures in 3-D. It is possible to implement faults with varying width and displacement, although the FF grid itself has a regular fixed width. This is highly advantageous as compared to controlling the fault geometry with the grid itself. We propose that FF modeling can improve fault zone characterization and also capture fluid flow uncertainty in fault zones in a more realistic way than is possible with 2-D methods.
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