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1 School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019; smitra{at}ou.edu
2 Petroleos Mexicanos, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico
3 Petroleos Mexicanos, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico
4 Petroleos Mexicanos, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico
5 School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
Shankar Mitra holds the Monnett Chair in Energy Resources at the University of Oklahoma. He received his Ph.D. in geology from Johns Hopkins University in 1977. His primary interests are in structural interpretation and modeling and their application to hydrocarbon exploration and production.
Juan A. Duran Gonzalez is a geophysical interpreter in the Cantarell Asset Team in Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). He received his geophysics degree in 1974 from the Instituto Politecnico Nacional. During the past 12 years, he has worked on several structures in the Campeche Bay province, including the Cantarell, Ku-Zaap-Maloob, Tunich, Lum, and Ek Balam fields.
Jesus Garcia Hernandez is asset submanager in the Cantarell Asset. He received his degree in petroleum geology from the Instituto Tecnologico de Cd. Madero and an M.B.A from Universidad Autonóma del Carmen–Tulane. He has extensive experience in prospect evaluation and production in the Cantarell asset.
Sergio Hernandez Garcia is a geologist in the Ku–Zaap–Maloob Asset Team in PEMEX. He received his degree in geology from the Instituto Politecnico Nacional in 1981. He has worked on the structural geology, stratigraphy, and petrophysics of the Ku, Zaap, and Maloob, Cantarell, and Lum fields.
Subhotosh Banerjee received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in geology from the University of Calcutta, and his M.S. degree in geology from the University of Oklahoma in 2002. His research interests are in surface and subsurface structural analysis and the application of geographic information system techniques to structural geology.
The Ku, Zaap, and Maloob structures consist of an arcuate series of fold-thrust structures, which change orientation from approximately east-west to north-northwest–south-southeast along a structural salient in the offshore Campeche Bay, Mexico. The structures are related to a series of thrust faults, which merge into the Maloob thrust. The Ku, Zaap, and Maloob fields located on these structures together constitute an important complex of fields with proven remaining reserves of approximately 1850 MMBOE. The structures formed during three main periods of deformation: (1) a Jurassic–Cretaceous extensional episode; (2) a Miocene compressive phase, during which the main trap-forming structures were formed; and (3) a Pliocene to Holocene extensional episode, resulting in several listric growth faults.
Three-dimensional (3-D) models of the main reservoir unit (Upper Cretaceous breccia), and other prospective reservoir units (Eocene and Kimmeridgian) constructed by integrating 3-D seismic interpretation, well data, and a series of balanced structural cross sections, provide an understanding of the geometry and evolution of the structures. The Zaap, Maloob, and sub-Maloob structures are interpreted as a series of faulted detachment folds, detaching within salt and other Jurassic ductile units. The front limbs of these structures are typically cut by thrust faults with small displacements, terminating in the lower Tertiary section. The Ku and Pakal structures also originated as a detachment fold, but was faulted relatively early in its deformational history. The frontal zone of this structure is marked by a closely spaced thrust system consisting of the Ku, Pakal-1, and Maloob thrusts. The 3-D models provide an accurate picture of the structural geometry of the principal reservoir units, which will be useful for future production from the fields and for exploration in adjacent areas in the basin.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  S. Mitra, J. D. A. Gonzalez, J. H. Garcia, and K. Ghosh Ek-Balam field: A structure related to multiple stages of salt tectonics and extension AAPG Bulletin, November 1, 2007; 91(11): 1619 - 1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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