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1 Reservoir Characterization Geoscientist, iReservoir.com, Littleton, Colorado 80120; jmflorez{at}ireservoir.com
2 Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115; aydin{at}pangea.stanford.edu
3 Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2215; mavko{at}stanford.edu
4 Terraporosa, via Calindri 37, 40068 San Lazzaro di Savena, Bologna, Italy; mantonellini{at}ambra.unibo.it
5 Repsol-YPF (Bolivia), Santa Cruz, Bolivia; AAYAVIRIA{at}repsolypf.com
Juan-Mauricio holds a B.Sc. degree in geology from the National University of Bogotá (Colombia), and an M.S. degree in geophysics from Stanford University, where he is finishing his Ph.D. in geophysics. He worked in field and exploration geology in Colombia. Currently, his research focuses on the integration of geology, rock physics, and seismology for prediction and determination of reservoir properties.Atilla received his B.S. degree in geology from Istanbul Technical University (Turkey) and both his M.S. degree and his Ph.D. in geology from Stanford University. He is a research professor of geomechanics at Stanford. He is codirector of the Rock Fracture Project. His research interest includes fracturing and faulting of rocks and fluid flow in fractured and faulted media, with application to hydrocarbon migration, entrapment, and recovery.
Gary received his M.Sc. degree and his Ph.D. in geophysics from Stanford University. He worked with the U.S. Geological Survey in rock physics and earthquake fault mechanics and with Entropic Geophysical. Gary returned to Stanford in 1989. He is codirector of the Stanford Rock Physics and Borehole Project. He has been working on modeling and analysis of the acoustic properties of rocks and techniques of seismic interpretation for rock and fluid properties.
Marco holds a B.S. degree from Bologna University (Italy), an M.S. degree from Michigan State University, and a Ph.D. in geomechanics from Stanford University. He worked as structural geologist for Agip SpA and Amoco and as consultant for Shell. He has interest in deformed reservoir characterization and geoscience applications of artificial intelligence. He is a consultant associate professor at Stanford and a hydrology professor at the University of Bologna.
Asterio received his B.S. degree in geology from the University Mayor de San Andres, La Paz (Bolivia), and his M.S. degree from the Institut Francais du Petrole, Paris. He worked for YPFB as field geologist and then joined Occidental Petroleum to work in exploration projects in South America, Libya, and Spain. He has worked in exploration for about 30 years. Currently, he works for Repsol-YPF (Bolivia).
This paper presents an outcrop-analog study of fractures in low-porosity sandstones in the Subandean thrust belt. We analyze the evolution of fault and joint systems in these sandstones, quantify their density along the structural trend, and identify the main factors controlling their variability.
We show that faults and joints occur at different scales in a hierarchical fashion, as a consequence of progressive shearing. The first generation is an orthogonal set of joints, one parallel and the other perpendicular to the bedding azimuth. Shearing along these joints transformed them into small faults and created new sets of fractures, oblique to the bedding attitude. Linkage of these small faults facilitated the formation of larger faults with significant strike-slip offset. Shearing along bedding planes created subvertical splay joints that induced the formation of conjugate normal faults. In this thrust belt, subordinate strike-slip and normal faults are concomitant products of compressive deformation.
This study documents a hierarchical correspondence between spacing of structural heterogeneities and stratigraphic architecture. We measured spacings of joints and outcrop-scale faults along the backlimb of the Abra del Condor anticline. We subdivided the structural discontinuities into four main groups: joints, small faults, intermediate faults, and fault zones. Spacing of joints, small faults, and intermediate faults has a lognormal distribution, whereas spacing of fault zones shows a normal distribution. The mean of these distributions is about the same as the thickness of the confining stratigraphic intervals. Therefore, spacing and dimensions of joints and faults have a first-order relationship to the thickness of the confining stratigraphic sequences.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  B. R. Graham Wall, R. Girbacea, A. Mesonjesi, and A. Aydin Evolution of fracture and fault-controlled fluid pathways in carbonates of the Albanides fold-thrust belt AAPG Bulletin, August 1, 2006; 90(8): 1227 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. Hanks, T. M. Parris, and W. K. Wallace Fracture paragenesis and microthermometry in Lisburne Group detachment folds: Implications for the thermal and structural evolution of the northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska AAPG Bulletin, January 1, 2006; 90(1): 1 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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