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Controls on the quality of Archean metamorphic and Jurassic volcanic reservoir rocks from the Xinglongtai buried hill, western depression of Liaohe basin, China

¹ Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Ministry of Education/Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; jlluo{at}nwu.edu.cn
² Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
³ China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, SINOPEC, Beijing 100029, China
⁴ Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Ministry of Education/Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China

Jinglan Luo received her B.Sc. degree and M.Sc. degree from Northwest University, China, in 1982 and 1986, respectively. She is now a professor of hydrocarbon and mineral resources exploration at Northwest University. She has been focusing her research interests on depositional facies and diagenetic controls on siliciclastic reservoir-quality evolution and volcanic rock-related reservoir characterization since 1989. She has finished 18 research projects on siliclastic depositional systems and facies, reservoir characterization, and 5 volcanic rock-related reservoir characterization research projects, and has published 33 articles in China and abroad.Sadoon Morad obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Baghdad University, Iraq, and his Ph.D. from Uppsala University, Sweden. Presently, he is a clastic petrology professor at the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University. He has worked in the field of clastic diagenesis during the past 27 years. His research interest during the last six years is focusing on linking diagenesis and impact on reservoir quality of sandstones to depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy.

Zhigang Liang, a senior engineer at the China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, received his B.Sc. degree from the Huadong Petroleum College in 1983, and started his career as a hydrocarbon description engineering technical assistant at the Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of the Zhongyuan oil field in 1984. He received his M.Sc. degree and his Ph.D. from the Northwest University of China in 1995 and 1998, respectively. Then, he entered the Production Administration Branch, China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation and is engaged in making plans of hydrocarbon exploration and development, programs of hydrocarbon resource investment and production administration. He has published 12 articles at home and abroad since 1990.

Yushuang Zhu received her B.Sc. degree and her M.Sc. degree from the Department of Geology, Northwest University in China, in 1990 and 1993, respectively. She began her career as a teacher in the department in 1993. Her research interest mainly focused on the mechanism of micropercolation of fluids in sandstones and hydrocarbon reservoir description and characterization. She received her Ph.D. from the Department of Geology, Northwest University, and has published 15 research articles.

The common belief among many petroleum geologists that regions of volcanic and metamorphic rocks are generally to be avoided as potential hydrocarbon reservoirs has greatly slowed the research and exploration efforts on hydrocarbon potential in volcanic and metamorphic rocks. However, many hydrocarbon-bearing basins containing volcanic and metamorphic rocks have been found in convergent margin settings and in rift basins. This article describes the reservoir lithofacies and wire-line logs and elucidates the parameters controlling reservoir-quality evolution of Archean metamorphic and Jurassic volcanic rocks from the Xinglongtai buried hill, western depression of the Liaohe basin, China. Four lithofacies (pyroclastics, lavas, volcaniclastics, and volcaniclastic-epiclastics) have been identified in the Jurassic volcanic reservoir rocks, each having different pore types and variable porosity and permeability values and, thus, different reservoir potentials. Pore types in the volcanic rocks include voids, fractures, fissures, weathering cracks, interstices, and vesicles. The volcanic-rock reservoir evolution is primarily controlled by the burial-thermal diagenesis. Plastic deformation and alteration of the biotite during the eogenetic phase led to the considerable loss of primary pores. Destruction of the primary porosity by compaction was limited by the presence of eogenetic carbonate and zeolite cement formation. Dissolution during the deep-burial mesogenetic phase and during near-surface leaching and erosion in the intervening volcanic eruptions enhanced the permeability and increased reservoir quality.

The pore types in the Archean metamorphic reservoir include fractures, dissolution voids, and weathering fissures. Where the Jurassic volcanic rocks or the Paleogene source rocks directly cover the weathered zone, the fissures and fractures have remained open, but where the metamorphic rocks are covered by the Mesozoic mudstones, most fissures are filled with mud and iron oxides. Reservoir quality of the Archean metamorphic and Jurassic volcanic rocks is also partly related to the paleogeomorphology of the area. Rocks in the paleohighs and in adjacent transitional areas have enhanced reservoir properties greater than those in paleolows because of more extensive weathering and the development of vugs and fissures.