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Chert Reservoirs of North America |
1 Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78713-8924; Stephen.Ruppel{at}beg.utexas.edu
2 Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78713-8924; Barnabrj{at}mail.aramco.com.sa
Stephen Ruppel has studied the stratigraphy of Paleozoic carbonate successions for more than 25 years. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and is currently a research scientist at the Bureau of Economic Geology, the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to the Thirtyone Formation, he maintains active research interests in Silurian and Permian carbonate reservoirs in the Permian basin.Roger Barnaby received a Ph.D. from VPI & SU, Blacksburg, Virginia, where his research dealt with carbonate sedimentology and diagenesis. In the more than ten years since, he has conducted characterization studies of both clastic and carbonate reservoirs ranging in age from Paleozoic to Tertiary. Previously with BP Exploration, Barnaby joined the Bureau of Economic Geology in 1992. He is currently employed by Saudi Aramco.
The lower Devonian Thirtyone Formation of west Texas and New Mexico is one of the largest chert reservoir successions in the world, having accounted for more than 750 million bbl of oil production. As much as 650 million bbl of additional mobile oil remains in these reservoirs, making this play an important target for further exploitation. A major limitation on the recovery of this remaining oil resource is an appreciation of the controls on reservoir development and heterogeneity.
Although all Thirtyone chert reservoirs have much in common, they can be divided into proximal and distal settings, each of which is characterized by distinct depositional geometries and styles of reservoir heterogeneity. Proximal reservoirs, represented by Three Bar field, are composed of a single, thick, sheetlike chert unit, which extends for hundreds of square miles. Heterogeneity in these reservoirs, which were formed by strike-parallel deposition on a gently sloping outer platform during regional transgression, is primarily a function of faulting, fracturing, and dissolution of associated carbonate along unconformities. Small-scale (bed-scale) heterogeneity also exists within the tabular chert body, resulting from variations in silica deposition and diagenesis between and among beds.
By contrast, distal reservoir successions, typified by University Waddell field, comprise thin, vertically stacked and laterally discontinuous chert intervals whose origin is a function of transport and deposition of siliceous sediments as debris flows and turbidites. Flow units in these reservoirs are thin (10-20 ft [3-6 m]) and separated vertically and laterally from one another by low-permeability mud-rich, siliceous sediments and hemipelagic deposits. The distribution of flow units is the result of both paleotopography and sea level cyclicity. Chert units are most abundant in transgressive and early highstand legs of sea level rise-fall cycles and display offset stacking suggestive of topographically controlled reciprocal sedimentation. Faults and fractures appear to be relatively minor contributors to reservoir heterogeneity in distal reservoirs.
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  A. H. Saller Palaeozoic dolomite reservoirs in the Permian Basin, SW USA: stratigraphic distribution, porosity, permeability and production Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2004; 235(1): 309 - 323. [Abstract] [PDF]
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