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1 Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115; present address: Texaco International Exploration, 4800 Fournace Place, Houston, Texas 77401; hansoad{at}texaco.com
2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED), China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing, People's Republic of China
3 Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115
4 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED), China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing, People's Republic of China
5 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED), China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Andrew Hanson graduated from Montana State University with a B.S. degree in nursing in 1979. In 1993, he graduated from San Diego State University with an M.S. degree in geological sciences, and in 1999, he completed his Ph.D. at Stanford University, where he studied tectonics, sedimentation, and organic geochemistry of the Tarim and Qaidam basins in northwest China. He currently works in the deep-water Nigeria exploration group at Texaco.Zhang Shuichang received a B.S. degree in petroleum geology from Chengdu College of Geology in 1983, an M.S. degree from the Lanzhou Institute of Geology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1986, and a Ph.D. from China University of Geosciences in 1991. He has worked as a senior geologist at RIPED, CNPC since 1991 on applications of organic geochemistry in understanding petroleum systems and exploration problems.
J. Michael Moldowan attained a B.S. degree and a Ph.D. in chemistry from Wayne State University (1968) and University of Michigan (1972). After a postdoctoral fellowship with Carl Djerassi at Stanford University, he joined Chevron in 1974, where he developed fundamental and applied technology related to petroleum biomarkers. Since 1993, Moldowan has been a professor (research) in Stanford University's Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences. He has published more than 80 articles in scientific journals and three books. Two papers, published in 1978 and 1989, received Best Paper Awards by the Organic Geochemistry Division of the Geochemical Society.
Liang Digang was the chief geologist of the Tarim Petroleum Exploration and Development Bureau from 1991 through 1997, and the vice president of RIPED, CNPN, in 1998. He graduated from Chengdu College of Geology in 1960. From 1961 to 1988, he studied the geochemistry of the Ordos, Sichuan, and Bohai Bay basins in China. He received the National Outstanding Contributor to the Achievement of Sciences award in 1989.
Zhang Baoming graduated from the Geography Department of the Beijing Normal University in 1978 and attained his M.S. degree in 1989. He is currently engaged in research on the sedimentology, reservoir, and source bed organic facies of oil- and gas-bearing basins.
We conducted organic geochemical analyses on the largest suite of oils and source-rock extracts from the Tarim basin, northwest China, currently available. Statistical cluster analysis of the entire suite of Tarim oils distinguishes at least seven genetic groups of oils. The largest group of oils was collected from the Tazhong and Tabei uplifts and originated from marine Middle-Upper Ordovician anoxic marls that mark slope facies at the margins of structural uplifts. Two other genetic groups most likely originated from marine Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks, but of distinct facies, with one an oxic shale-rich source west of the Bachu uplift and the other an anoxic shale source at Tazhong.
Other genetic oil groups originated from various nonmarine source rocks. The largest of these groups consists of oils from the Luntai uplift, which best correlate with Jurassic lacustrine mudstones in the Kuqa depression, although Triassic lacustrine mudstones cannot be eliminated as a source for these oils. Two oils from southwest Tarim are highly mature. Despite uncertainty due to low biomarker concentrations, these oils probably originated from nonmarine shaly source rocks. The two remaining genetic groups consist of single oil samples: Yi603 (an oil likely derived from coal in the Kuqa depression) and Qu1 (derived from Carboniferous or Jurassic shaly source rock from the west flank of the Bachu uplift). Sample 63KLT (a seep sample from west of Kashi) has attributes of a lacustrine source rock and clusters with oils from Luntai. These results suggest that numerous source rocks occur in the basin, but they likely are areally restricted. Our results do not support previous published work that suggests that hypothesized euxinic source rocks might account for reserves of up to 350 billion bbl of oil.
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